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定语从句 Relative Clauses | PET 英语语法

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定语从句 Relative Clauses

考试：📘 KET — 📙 PET ✓ 📕 FCE·雅思 ✓ 分类：从句 考试入口：PET语法清单 关联：条件句 Conditionals | 宾语从句 Object Clauses | 状语从句 Adverbial Clauses | 代词 Pronouns

核心规则（Grammar Core）

什么是定语从句？

定语从句是把两个句子合并成一个的强力工具——用一个”关系词”把后一个句子粘到前一个名词后面，让它变成那个名词的”定语”（修饰语）：

拆开：This is the boy. He won the chess competition.
合并：This is the boy who won the chess competition.
                       ↑       ↑
                    关系词    定语从句修饰"boy"

核心思路：找到两个句子里重复出现的名词，用关系词代替它，把后句粘到前句。

五大关系词 · 一表选词

关系词指代在从句中作例句
who人主语The boy who sits next to me is Leo.
whom人（正式）宾语The teacher whom I admire is Ms. Wang.
which物/事主语或宾语The phone which I bought is new.
that人或物主/宾都行The book that changed my life.
whose人或物所有格The student whose bag is red.
where地点状语The school where I study is big.
when时间状语The day when I met Leo…
why原因状语The reason why I’m late…

选词三步法

Step 1：先看修饰的是人、物、地点、时间、还是原因

  • 人 → who / whom / that
  • 物 → which / that
  • 地点 → where
  • 时间 → when
  • 原因 → why

Step 2：在从句中作主语还是宾语？

  • 主语 → who / which / that
  • 宾语 → who(m) / which / that（宾语可省略）

Step 3：是不是所有格关系？（这本书 → “他的”书）

  • 是 → whose
The boy ___ I met yesterday is Leo.
  人 + 从句宾语（I met him）→ who/whom/that，可省略
→ The boy (who) I met yesterday is Leo.

Grammar Lens

that 的”万能”优势 vs 限制 ⚠️

that 既可指人也可指物。在以下几种场合，that 是 ESL 教学的首选（who/which 母语者也接受，但 that 更稳）：

优先用 that 的场合例句
修饰人 + 物混合The boy and his dog that I saw…
修饰最高级The best student that I know
修饰all/everything/something/nothingEverything that glitters is not gold.
修饰序数词The first thing that I do every morning

📕 母语者注：在最高级 / 序数词 / 不定代词后，who/which 也是合法的（“the best friend who ever lived”、“the first person who arrived”）。剑桥 Cambridge Grammar of English（Carter & McCarthy）把 that 列为推荐用法但非唯一选项。PET 考试建议直接选 that 最稳。

限制性 vs 非限制性 ⚠️（PET 高频）

这是定语从句最大的陷阱——有没有逗号改变意思：

限制性（无逗号）非限制性（加逗号）
例句Aaron has a brother who lives in Shanghai.Aaron has a brother**, who lives in Shanghai.**
含义Aaron 有多个兄弟，其中住在上海的那个Aaron 只有一个兄弟，顺带告诉你他住上海
能否用 that✅ 可以❌ 不能用 that
能否省略宾语关系词可省不能省

判断口诀：定语从句去掉后，主句意思完整吗？

  • 不完整（必须靠从句区分）→ 限制性（无逗号）
  • 完整（从句只是补充说明）→ 非限制性（加逗号）

关系副词 vs 关系代词

句子关系词类型解释
The school where I study is big.关系副词 wherewhere = in which
The school which I study at is big.关系代词 which + 介词which 作介词宾语
The school that I study at is big.关系代词 that + 介词介词必须放句尾

PET 阅读高频考点：where 等价于 “介词 + which”。

介词 + 关系词的位置

正式：The pen with which I wrote is missing.
非正式：The pen which I wrote with is missing.
最常用：The pen (that) I wrote with is missing.（that 可省，介词放句尾）

口语中永远是介词放句尾——这是英语口语和书面语的核心差异之一。

😂 Grammar Joke

定语从句的家庭风波

Mom: “Aaron, who is the boy that you were playing Minecraft with?” Aaron: “The boy who lives next door.” Mom: “The one whose father is a doctor?” Aaron: “No, the one whose mother is a teacher.” Mom: “Is he the kid that broke our window last summer?” Aaron: “No, that was the kid who used to live next door. This is the new one.” Mom: “How many neighbors have we had?!”

一段对话用了 6 个定语从句——who/that/whose/that/who/whose 全部出场。Mom 和 Aaron 用关系词不停地”筛选”具体是哪个邻居孩子——这就是定语从句的核心功能：在一类东西里精确锁定那一个。

语法点：英语口语对定语从句的依赖远超中文。中文说”那个住隔壁的男孩”就够了；英语必须用 who lives next door 显式连接——这就是为什么 PET 写作必须掌握。

🏛 语言文化光点

英语定语后置 vs 中文定语前置

中英文最大的语序差异之一：

中文：住在伦敦的那个男孩 ← 定语在名词前 英语：The boy who lives in London ← 定语从句在名词后

短定语（一个形容词）英语也放前面（the tall boy），但一旦定语变长（多个词组成的修饰），英语必须放到名词后面——这就需要定语从句。

中文里我们说”那个昨天给我打电话的住在伦敦的高个子男孩”，英语翻译必须拆开成：

The tall boy who lives in London and who called me yesterday.

这种”主谓宾后挂修饰”的结构，是英语句子能无限延长的秘诀。莎士比亚一句话可以写 100 字，全靠定语从句一层套一层。

例题精讲

例1（📙 PET · 选关系词）

The girl _____ won the spelling bee is in my class. A. who B. which C. whose D. where

答案：A。人 + 在从句中作主语 → who。

例2（📙 PET · 物 + 主语）

Minecraft is a game _____ teaches creativity.

答案：which 或 that。物 + 从句主语。

例3（📙 PET · whose 所有格）

Aaron has a friend _____ father works at Tencent.

答案：whose。“他的爸爸” → 所有格关系 → whose。

例4（📙 PET · where vs which）

This is the cafe _____ we met last summer.

答案：where（= at which）。修饰地点 + 在从句中作状语 → where。

例5（📙 PET · 限制性 vs 非限制性）

区别下列两句的意思： A. My sister who lives in Beijing is a doctor. B. My sister, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.

答案：

  • A：我有多个姐妹，住在北京那个是医生。
  • B：我只有一个姐妹，她正好住在北京，并且是医生。

例6（📙 PET · 合并句子 · Writing Part 1）

I have a friend. He plays the violin beautifully. → I have a friend who plays the violin beautifully.

合并是 PET Writing Part 1 必考题型。

📖 Real English · 真实阅读

🔵 The Friend I Almost Didn’t Make

Leo is the friend who changed my life. We met in 4th grade. He was the new boy who sat in the back of the class, whose father had just been transferred to our city. At first, I thought he was the kind of kid that wouldn’t fit in. He didn’t talk much. He wore clothes that were too big. He carried a backpack whose zipper was broken. But one day, during a math test that I couldn’t solve, he passed me a tiny note. On it was the answer—which turned out to be wrong. We both got zero. That was the moment when we became best friends. The teacher who caught us said: “If you’re going to cheat, at least find someone who knows the answer.”

🔵 A Restaurant I’ll Never Forget

Last weekend, my family went to a restaurant that my dad had been talking about for months. It was the kind of place where waiters wear bow ties and the menu has no pictures. The dish that I ordered came with five different sauces, none of which I could identify. My little sister, who is only six, asked the waiter, “Where’s the chicken nuggets?” The waiter, whose face stayed perfectly serious, replied: “I’m afraid we don’t serve those, madam.” It was the first time that I felt my sister had been called “madam.” We laughed about it for the rest of the meal.

🔵 The Game That Built a Generation

Minecraft is a game that has been downloaded more than 300 million times. It was created in 2009 by a Swedish programmer whose name was Markus Persson, who sold the game to Microsoft in 2014 for $2.5 billion. But the people who really built Minecraft are the millions of kids who play it every day. They are the architects whose cities exist only in pixels. They are the engineers who learn redstone circuits before they learn algebra. They are the writers whose stories never get published but are told around the campfire of multiplayer servers. Minecraft is the world where an entire generation grew up.

练习题

📙 PET 基础（5题 · 填关系词）

  1. The student _____ won the prize is from China.
  2. This is the cafe _____ I had my first coffee.
  3. I love books _____ have happy endings.
  4. The dog _____ tail is wagging is mine.
  5. Do you remember the day _____ we first met?

📙 PET Writing Part 1 · 句型转换（2题 · 必考）

1. 合并两个句子

Aaron has a phone. It cost £500. → Aaron has a phone _____ cost £500.

参考答案：which / that

2. 用定语从句合并

I met a girl yesterday. Her brother goes to my school. → I met a girl _____ brother goes to my school.

参考答案：whose

📙 PET 进阶写作（1题）

介绍你最好的朋友，写 4 句话，至少使用 3 个不同的关系词（who/which/whose/where 任选）。

🔗 节点关系

定语从句 ──────┬─ who/whom（修饰人）
               ├─ which（修饰物）
               ├─ that（人/物通用）
               ├─ whose（所有格）
               ├─ where/when/why（关系副词）
               │
               ├─ 限制性（无逗号，可用 that）
               └─ 非限制性（加逗号，不可用 that）
                       ↓
              与宾语从句区分（修饰名词 vs 充当宾语）
                       ↓
              PET Writing · 合并句子的核心工具

双链跳转： 宾语从句 Object Clauses | 状语从句 Adverbial Clauses | 代词 Pronouns | 条件句 Conditionals | 五大基本句型 Five Sentence Patterns

R. S. Ang · K12 Notes · PET, 2026

关系图谱

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