动名词与不定式 Gerunds & Infinitives
考试：📘 KET — 📙 PET ✓ 📕 FCE·雅思 ✓ 分类：词法 考试入口：PET语法清单 关联：不规则动词 Irregular Verbs | 情态动词 Modal Verbs | 一般现在时 Simple Present | 介词 Prepositions
核心规则（Grammar Core）
三种动词形式 · 一图全览
把一个动词”名词化”，英语有三种方式：
| 形式 | 长相 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 动名词 Gerund | V-ing | Swimming is fun.（游泳是有趣的） |
| 不定式 to-Infinitive | to + V原形 | I want to swim.（我想游泳） |
| 原形不定式 Bare-Infinitive | V原形（无 to） | I can swim.（我会游泳） |
核心问题：什么时候用 V-ing？什么时候用 to-V？什么时候直接用 V？——这是 PET 整本词法书最大的考点。
三大类动词 · 后接形式
🅰️ 只接动名词（V-ing）——记忆口诀「享受避免介意建议练习继续」：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| enjoy 享受 | I enjoy reading books. |
| finish 完成 | Have you finished doing your homework? |
| mind 介意 | Would you mind opening the window? |
| suggest 建议 | He suggested going to the cinema. |
| avoid 避免 | She avoids eating sugar. |
| practice 练习 | I practice playing the piano every day. |
| keep 继续 | He kept asking stupid questions. |
| miss 错过/想念 | I miss seeing my grandma. |
| deny 否认 | He denied taking the cookie. |
| admit 承认 | She admitted being wrong. |
| consider 考虑 | I’m considering joining the chess club. |
| imagine 想象 | Imagine being a millionaire! |
| give up 放弃 | He gave up smoking last year. |
🅱️ 只接不定式（to-V）——记忆口诀「希望计划决定同意拒绝学习选择设法答应期待」：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| want 想要 | I want to play Minecraft. |
| hope 希望 | She hopes to study abroad. |
| plan 计划 | We plan to visit Beijing. |
| decide 决定 | He decided to leave. |
| agree 同意 | They agreed to help. |
| refuse 拒绝 | She refused to apologize. |
| learn 学会 | Aaron learned to ride a bike at 6. |
| choose 选择 | I chose to stay home. |
| manage 设法做到 | He managed to finish in time. |
| promise 答应 | I promise to call you. |
| expect 期待 | We expect to win. |
| offer 提供 | He offered to help me. |
🅲️ 后接 sb + to-V——告诉/允许/建议某人做某事：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| ask sb to do 让某人做 | Mom asked me to clean my room. |
| tell sb to do 告诉某人做 | She told him to go. |
| want sb to do 想让某人做 | I want you to come with me. |
| force sb to do 强迫 | They forced him to leave. |
| allow sb to do 允许 | Dad allows me to play for one hour. |
| advise sb to do 建议 | The doctor advised me to drink more water. |
| encourage sb to do 鼓励 | Mom encourages me to read. |
🅳️ V-ing 和 to-V 都行，意思一样：
| 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| like / love | I like swimming = I like to swim. |
| hate | He hates waiting = He hates to wait. |
| prefer | She prefers reading = She prefers to read. |
| start / begin | It started raining = It started to rain. |
| continue | He continued working = He continued to work. |
Grammar Lens
⚠️ 陷阱：V-ing 和 to-V 都行，但意思不同！
下面这组动词，加 V-ing 和 to-V 后意思完全不同——PET/FCE 高频考点：
| 动词 | + V-ing（过去/正在做的事） | + to-V（即将做/打算做的事） |
|---|---|---|
| remember | I remember meeting her.（记得见过） | I must remember to meet her.（记得要去见） |
| forget | I’ll never forget visiting Paris.（忘不了去过） | Don’t forget to lock the door.（别忘记要锁） |
| stop | I stopped smoking.（戒掉抽烟这件事） | I stopped to smoke.（停下来为了抽烟） |
| try | Try drinking water.（试试喝水这个方法） | Try to finish the test.（努力去完成） |
| regret | I regret saying that.（后悔说过） | I regret to inform you…（遗憾通知你——正式场合） |
| mean | This means working hard.（意味着要努力） | I didn’t mean to hurt you.（我不是故意伤害你） |
| need | This shirt needs washing.（这件衫需要被洗 = 被动义） | You need to wash it.（你需要洗） |
判断口诀：
- V-ing → 这件事已经/正在发生
- to-V → 这件事即将/打算发生
介词后必接 V-ing ⚠️ 铁律
任何介词（about / at / for / in / of / on / with / before / after / by / without）后面，动词必须用 V-ing：
| 介词 + V-ing | 例句 |
|---|---|
| be good at | Aaron is good at playing chess. |
| be interested in | I’m interested in learning Spanish. |
| be afraid of | She’s afraid of speaking in public. |
| think about / of | I’m thinking about going to bed. |
| look forward to ⚠️ | I look forward to seeing you.（to 在这里是介词，不是不定式标志！） |
| without | He left without saying goodbye. |
| after / before | After finishing homework, I played games. |
陷阱：look forward to / be used to / be accustomed to 里的 to 是介词，必须接 V-ing：
❌ I look forward to see you.
✅ I look forward to seeing you.
情态动词 / make / let / have / help · 后接原形
下列动词后面用原形动词（无 to）：
| 动词 | 公式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 情态动词 | can/must/should + V | I can swim. |
| make sb do | 使某人做 | He made me cry. |
| let sb do | 让某人做 | Mom let me play. |
| have sb do | 让某人做 | I’ll have him call you. |
| help sb (to) do | 帮某人做（to 可省） | She helped me (to) finish. |
陷阱：make / let 的被动语态要把 to 加回来！
主动：The teacher made us stay after class.
被动：We were made to stay after class.
↑ 加 to
动名词的特殊用法 · 做主语
V-ing 可以独立作主语，特别简洁有力：
Swimming is good for your health.（游泳有益健康）
Reading 30 minutes a day will change your life.
Playing too many video games is bad for your eyes.
PET Writing 高频开头句型 = V-ing 主语。
😂 Grammar Joke
Aaron 的承诺
下午 4 点 Aaron promises Mom: “I’ll stop playing Minecraft right now.”
下午 6 点 Mom: “Have you stopped?” Aaron: “Yes, I stopped to drink water.” Mom: “And then?” Aaron: “I continued playing.” Mom: “So you didn’t actually stop playing.” Aaron: “I stopped to drink, then I started playing again. Technically I stopped.” Mom: “Stop trying to argue with me. Stop playing. Now.” Aaron: “Wait—‘stop trying’ or ‘stop to try’?” Mom: “GO TO YOUR ROOM.”
Aaron 完美利用了 stop + V-ing（戒掉这件事）vs stop + to-V（停下来去做另一件事）的语义差异——他承诺的是 stop playing（戒掉玩游戏），但他做的是 stopped to drink（停下来去喝水）然后继续玩。这就是为什么 PET 把这条规则列为必考。
语法点：V-ing vs to-V 不是语法选择题——它是语义选择题。选错一个字母，意思南辕北辙。
🏛 语言文化光点
“Just do it” vs “Just doing it”
Nike 的广告语 “Just do it” 用了原形不定式——直接命令，毫无修饰。
如果改成 “Just doing it”（动名词），意思变成正在做这件事——气势全无。
这就是 V vs V-ing vs to-V 的核心差别：
- V（原形）：直接、命令、纯动作 → Just do it. / Stand up.
- V-ing（动名词）：状态、持续、抽象化 → Doing is better than thinking.
- to-V（不定式）：目的、意图、未来 → I want to do it.
英语用这三种形式精确表达动作的不同时间维度和情态维度——直接、持续、意图。中文里用一个”做”字承担所有意思，靠副词（“在做、想做、已做”）补充。这是英语和中文最深的语法差异之一。
理解了这一点，Aaron 就理解了英语动词系统的核心——动词在英语里不只是”动作”，它有形态。
例题精讲
例1（📙 PET · enjoy + V-ing）
Aaron enjoys _____ (play) Minecraft after school.
答案：playing。enjoy 后必接 V-ing。
例2（📙 PET · want + to-V）
I want _____ (be) a programmer when I grow up.
答案：to be。want 后必接 to-V。
例3（📙 PET · 介词 + V-ing 陷阱）
I’m looking forward _____ (see) you next week.
答案：to seeing。look forward to 里的 to 是介词，后接 V-ing。
例4（📙 PET · stop + V-ing vs stop + to-V）
Aaron was tired, so he stopped _____ (play) Minecraft and went to sleep. On the way home, he stopped _____ (buy) a drink.
答案：playing / to buy。
- stopped playing = 不再玩了（戒掉这件事）
- stopped to buy = 停下来为了买（停下原本动作）
例5（📙 PET · remember + V-ing vs to-V）
A: Did you lock the door? B: Yes, I remember _____ (lock) it.
C: Are you going to lock the door? D: Oh yes, I must remember _____ (lock) it.
答案：locking / to lock。
- remember locking = 记得锁过了（过去做的事）
- remember to lock = 记得要去锁（即将做的事）
例6（📙 PET · 介词 + V-ing 综合）
She’s good _____ _____ (sing). She’s interested _____ _____ (learn) the guitar.
答案：at singing / in learning。
📖 Real English · 真实阅读
🔵 Why I Stopped Playing Football
I used to love playing football. Every Saturday morning, I went to play with my friends. I enjoyed running, kicking, scoring. I never thought about stopping. Then last spring, I fell during a match and broke my ankle. The doctor advised me to rest for two months. He suggested swimming instead of running. I tried to swim, but I missed playing football so much that I couldn’t focus. After my ankle healed, I started playing again. But something had changed. I had stopped being afraid—and that, my coach said, was the moment I started to grow as a player.
🔵 Things I Want to Learn Before I Turn 18
I want to learn to play the guitar. I want to learn to cook three dishes properly. I want to learn to write code—real code, not just the basics. I plan to read at least 100 books. I hope to travel to Japan with my best friend Leo. I want to stop being afraid of speaking in public. I want to stop wasting time on things that don’t matter. I want to start writing a journal. I want to keep playing Minecraft, but I also want to remember that life isn’t a game—even though playing games has taught me more than school sometimes does. Learning, my dad says, is the only thing worth doing every day.
🔵 The Art of Not Giving Up
Thomas Edison tested thousands of materials before finding a filament that made the lightbulb last. When a reporter asked him how it felt to fail so many times, he famously replied: “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Refusing to give up isn’t about ignoring failure—it’s about redefining it. Edison kept trying, kept learning, kept building. He avoided thinking of each failed attempt as a defeat. Instead, he chose to see them as data. Trying matters more than succeeding. Continuing matters more than starting. Learning matters more than winning. And never giving up—well, that matters most of all.
📌 历史注：Edison 并非灯泡发明者（Humphry Davy 1802 / Joseph Swan 1860s 在他之前），他的真正贡献是找到了耐用的碳化竹丝灯丝，让白炽灯可商用化。“10,000 ways that won’t work” 是他的真实引言（出自 Frank Lewis Dyer 1910 年所著传记）。
📝 中文注释（先读完英文再展开）
为什么我不踢球了：动名词和不定式密度极高的叙事——loved playing / went to play / enjoyed running, kicking, scoring（动名词并列）/ stopping / advised me to rest / suggested swimming / instead of running / tried to swim / missed playing / stopped being afraid / started to grow。注意 stopped being afraid 是 “戒掉害怕这件事”——V-ing 表”已存在的状态结束”。
18 岁前想学的事：本质上是一个 to-V 清单——want to learn / want to learn / plan to read / hope to travel / want to stop being / want to stop wasting / want to start writing / want to keep playing / want to remember / playing games has taught / Learning is the only thing worth doing。混合 want/plan/hope + to-V 和 stop/start/keep + V-ing——清晰展示两种形式的分工。
不放弃的艺术：议论文 + 动名词作主语 = PET Writing Part 2 高级范本。tested thousands of materials / asked him how it felt to fail / Refusing to give up / ignoring / redefining / kept trying, kept learning, kept building / avoided thinking / chose to see / Trying matters / Continuing matters / Learning matters / never giving up。整段用大量动名词把抽象概念名词化——这正是议论文的核心修辞手段。
练习题
📙 PET 基础（5题 · V-ing 还是 to-V？）
- I enjoy _____ (read) novels at night.
- Aaron wants _____ (be) a YouTuber.
- Would you mind _____ (help) me with this?
- We decided _____ (stay) home this weekend.
- I’m afraid of _____ (fly) in airplanes.
📙 PET Writing Part 1 · 句型转换（2题 · 必考）
1. 句意保持 · 改换形式
Aaron started playing the piano when he was 6. → Aaron started _____ the piano at the age of 6.
参考答案：to play（start 后两种都可，意思不变）
2. 同义改写
I would like to suggest going to the cinema. → I suggest _____ to the cinema.
参考答案：going（suggest 必接 V-ing）
📙 PET 进阶写作（1题）
写一段”我想学的三件事”——4 句话，至少出现 2 个 to-V + 2 个 V-ing。
🔗 节点关系
动词的"名词化" ────┬─ V-ing（动名词，已发生/正在）
│ └─ enjoy/finish/mind/suggest/avoid + V-ing
│ └─ 介词后必接（look forward to + V-ing）
│ └─ 作主语（Swimming is fun）
│
├─ to-V（不定式，即将/打算）
│ └─ want/hope/plan/decide + to-V
│ └─ ask/tell/want sb to do
│
└─ V 原形（无 to）
└─ 情态动词后 / make/let/have sb do
↓
⚠️ 意义对比组（remember/forget/stop/try/regret/mean/need）
↓
与被动语态结合（need washing = need to be washed）
双链跳转： 不规则动词 Irregular Verbs | 情态动词 Modal Verbs | 介词 Prepositions | 被动语态 Passive Voice | 一般现在时 Simple Present
R. S. Ang · K12 Notes · PET, 2026