被动语态 Passive Voice
考试：📘 KET — 📙 PET ✓ 📕 FCE·雅思 ✓ 分类：语态与语气 考试入口：PET语法清单 关联：一般现在时 Simple Present | 一般过去时 Simple Past | 现在完成时 Present Perfect | 不规则动词 Irregular Verbs
核心规则（Grammar Core）
什么是被动语态？
主动语态说”谁做了什么”；被动语态说”什么被怎么样了”。视角从「动作发起者」转到「动作承受者」。
主动：Aaron broke the window.（Aaron 打破了窗户）
↓ 翻转视角
被动：The window was broken (by Aaron).（窗户被打破了）
什么时候用？
- 动作发起者不重要或不知道 — My phone was stolen at school yesterday.（谁偷的不知道）
- 想强调动作的承受者 — Harry Potter was written by J.K. Rowling.（重点是书）
- 客观、正式的语气（新闻、科学、说明）— Water is boiled at 100°C.
- 不想说谁做的（婉转、推卸责任）— The cake was eaten.（被吃了——谁吃的？不重要……）
构成公式
核心公式：be + 过去分词（V-ed/V3）
be 动词的形式跟随时态变化——这是被动语态的灵魂：
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | makes | is/are made |
| 现在进行 | is making | is/are being made |
| 一般过去 | made | was/were made |
| 过去进行 | was making | was/were being made |
| 现在完成 | has made | has/have been made |
| 过去完成 | had made | had been made |
| 一般将来 | will make | will be made |
| 情态动词 | must make | must be made |
不规则动词的过去分词是被动语态的命门——see/saw/seen, write/wrote/written, break/broke/broken ——详见 不规则动词 Irregular Verbs。
主动 → 被动 三步转换
主动：Aaron broke the window.
↑ ↑ ↑
主语 动词 宾语
步骤① 宾语 → 主语 The window
步骤② 动词 → be + V-ed（保持时态） was broken
步骤③ 主语 → by + 主语（可省） (by Aaron)
被动：The window was broken (by Aaron).
Grammar Lens
by 短语：动作发起者
| 情况 | by 是否需要 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 发起者重要 | ✅ 必须保留 | The novel was written by J.K. Rowling. |
| 发起者明显或不重要 | ❌ 通常省略 | English is spoken all over the world. |
| 发起者未知 | ❌ 无法写出 | My bike was stolen last night. |
对比辨析：be + V-ed 是被动？还是状态？
这是中国学生最大的陷阱。同样是 be + V-ed，可能是被动语态，也可能只是形容词状态：
| 句子 | 解读 |
|---|---|
| The door was closed by Tom.（被动） | 是 Tom关上了门——强调动作 |
| The door was closed when I arrived.（状态） | 我到时门是关着的——强调状态 |
判断法：能否加 by 短语？能加 → 被动；不能加 → 形容词状态。
对比辨析：被动语态 vs 一般过去时
主动 / 一般过去：Someone stole my phone.（强调"有人"做了）
被动 / 一般过去：My phone was stolen.（强调"手机"丢了）
PET 阅读题考的就是：作者为什么选被动？答案通常是**“动作发起者不重要”或”想突出受害者”**。
双宾语动词的被动
某些动词带两个宾语（give sb sth），被动有两种写法：
主动：Mom gave me a new phone.
被动① I was given a new phone (by Mom).（间接宾语做主语 · 更常见）
被动② A new phone was given to me (by Mom).（直接宾语做主语）
类似动词：give / tell / send / show / teach / offer / lend
😂 Grammar Joke
被动语态的智慧
Mom（看着碎掉的花瓶）: “Who broke this vase?” Aaron: “It was broken, Mom.” Mom: “By who?” Aaron: “Mistakes were made.” Mom: “Aaron, that’s the most political answer I’ve ever heard.” Aaron: “I learned it from the news.”
Aaron 完美演绎了被动语态的”政治智慧”——“花瓶被打破了”、“错误被犯了”，主语全省略，没人为此负责。这就是为什么政客特别爱用被动语态。
语法点：被动语态最强大的功能不是语法，而是隐藏责任——这也是为什么英语正式写作要求”主动语态优先”。Aaron 这招以后会在新闻里反复看到：“Decisions were made.” “Mistakes were committed.” “The bill was signed.”
🏛 语言文化光点
新闻英语的被动语态密度
打开 BBC 或纽约时报，你会发现被动语态密度极高：
“Three people were arrested yesterday. New rules have been announced. The bridge will be opened next month.”
为什么？因为新闻关心事件本身，不关心动作发起者（警察/政府/工程队）——这些是公知信息。被动语态让新闻的视角聚焦在事件而非执行者。
对比中文：“昨天逮捕了三个人”——中文用主语省略实现同样效果。英语没有这个语法选项，所以发明了被动语态。
反例：科学论文与说明书。“The water was heated to 100°C” 在传统科学写作中弱化研究者存在、突出实验本身——曾被视为”客观性”的标志。
⚠️ 现代变化：APA 第 7 版（2020）、Nature、Science 等顶级期刊近十年都重新推荐第一人称主动语态（“We heated the water…“）——理由是清晰、负责、避免责任稀释。被动语态不再等同于”专业”。Aaron 未来写雅思 Task 2 / 大学论文时，主动语态是更安全的选择。被动仍然适用于新闻、说明书、客观叙事这三类语境。
例题精讲
例1（📙 PET · 一般现在被动）
Rice _____ (grow) in many Asian countries.
答案：is grown。grow 在这里是被动——稻米被种植。
例2（📙 PET · 一般过去被动）
My homework _____ (not finish) yet. The dog _____ (eat) it!
答案：hasn’t been finished / ate。第一句被动（作业没完成）+ 第二句主动（狗吃了）——经典借口。
例3（📙 PET · 现在完成被动）
A new gym _____ (just open) in our school.
答案：has just been opened。现在完成时的被动：have/has + been + V-ed。
例4（📙 PET · 将来被动）
The exam results _____ (announce) next Monday.
答案：will be announced。will + be + V-ed。
例5（📙 PET · 情态动词被动）
Phones _____ (must / not use) during the lesson.
答案：must not be used。情态动词 + be + V-ed。
例6（📙 PET · 双宾语转换）
The teacher gave Aaron a gold star. → Aaron was given a gold star (by the teacher). → A gold star was given to Aaron (by the teacher).
间接宾语（Aaron）做主语更常见。
📖 Real English · 真实阅读
🔵 The School That Was Built in a Week
In 2008, after a powerful earthquake hit Sichuan, hundreds of schools were destroyed. Tens of thousands of children were left without classrooms. But one school was rebuilt in just seven days. The walls were made of light steel. The roof was assembled from recycled materials. Desks and chairs were donated by people from all over China. When the first lesson was taught in the new building, the children cheered. The whole school had been built by volunteers—but in the news, only one phrase was repeated: “Hope was restored.”
🔵 The Phone That Wasn’t Lost
Last Tuesday, my phone was reported stolen. I told everyone at school. Posters were put up. The headteacher was informed. A formal email was sent to all parents. Two days later, the phone was found—in my own backpack, in the side pocket I never used. The whole story was retold at dinner. My dad laughed. My mom didn’t. “Next time,” she said, “check your bag before the entire school is mobilized.”
🔵 Why English Is Spoken Everywhere
English is spoken by about 1.5 billion people worldwide. It is taught in nearly every country’s schools. Most of the internet is written in English. But why? Many languages have been spoken for longer. Chinese is spoken by more native speakers. The answer is found in history. For 200 years, the British Empire was expanded across the globe. Later, American technology was exported everywhere. The language was carried along with the ships, the films, the software, the music. English was never chosen—it was simply there when the world was connected.
📝 中文注释（先读完英文再展开）
七天建好的学校：典型新闻英语，被动语态密度极高——were destroyed / were left / was rebuilt / were made / was assembled / were donated / was taught / had been built / was repeated / was restored。每一句的主语都是事件的承受者（schools / children / walls / desks），动作发起者（地震 / 志愿者 / 中国人民）要么藏在 by 短语里，要么省略。最后一句 “Hope was restored” 是被动语态的诗意用法——希望是被恢复的，不需要说”谁恢复了”。
没丢的手机：日常对话也可以用被动——was reported / were put up / was informed / was sent / was found / was retold / is mobilized。注意 Mom 的最后一句话用被动语态制造了正式语气的反讽：“the entire school is mobilized”（整个学校被动员起来）——故意夸张，效果是幽默批评。
为什么英语在全球流行：议论文 + 被动语态 = PET 写作 Part 2 范本。is spoken / is taught / is written / have been spoken / is found / was expanded / was exported / was carried / was never chosen / was connected。结尾用 was never chosen vs was simply there 形成对比——英语不是被选择的，是被历史推到了那里。这种客观、宿命的语气正是被动语态的招牌。
练习题
📙 PET 基础（5题 · 改被动）
- Someone broke the window yesterday. → The window _____.
- They are building a new bridge. → A new bridge _____.
- People speak Spanish in Mexico. → Spanish _____ in Mexico.
- The teacher has marked our exams. → Our exams _____.
- You must wear school uniform. → School uniform _____.
📙 PET Writing Part 1 · 句型转换（2题 · 必考）
1. 主动改被动
J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter in 1995. → Harry Potter _____ by J.K. Rowling in 1995.
参考答案：was written
2. 隐藏施动者
Someone has stolen my bike from outside the school. → My bike _____ from outside the school.
参考答案：has been stolen（省略 by someone）
📙 PET 进阶写作（1题）
写一段 4 句话的”我们学校新建了什么”，至少 3 处不同时态的被动语态。
🔗 节点关系
主动语态（做的人是主语）
↕ 翻转视角
被动语态（被做的事/人是主语）
↓
be + 过去分词
↓
┌────┬────┬────┬────┐
现在 过去 完成 将来 情态
is was has will must
done done been be be
done done done
↓
by + 施动者（可省）
↓
双宾语动词 → 两种被动写法
双链跳转： 不规则动词 Irregular Verbs | 一般现在时 Simple Present | 一般过去时 Simple Past | 现在完成时 Present Perfect | 情态动词 Modal Verbs | 间接引语 Reported Speech
R. S. Ang · K12 Notes · PET, 2026